The EU is planning stricter Environmental Regulations that could mean the gradual phasing out of fluorinated greenhouse gases - known as F-Gases - in Heat Pumps. This regulation, also known as the EU Refrigerant ban for Heat Pumps, is intended to help reduce emissions and will affect both consumers and the Manufacturing industry. In this article, we look at the details of the planned ban, its timing and the potential impact on consumers and the Market.

The Most Important Facts at a Glance

• The EU is planning to phase out the use of F-Gases in Heat Pumps by 2050 with the aim of reducing Climate-Damaging Emissions and promoting the development of more Sustainable Refrigerants.

• Alternative Refrigerants such as CO₂, Ammonia, Isobutane, Propane and Water are being discussed as replacements for F-Gases, with Propane (R290) emerging as a Climate-Friendly option, but with safety-related challenges.

• The implementation of the F-Gas ban requires considerable technological adjustments in the Heat Pump industry and will lead to a Market development towards more environmentally friendly Products, whereby manufacturers and the industry are required to react to the new framework conditions.

The EU Ban on F-Gases in Heat Pumps and the Consequences

The European Parliament has taken a Ground-Breaking decision: a gradual phase-out of harmful F-Gases by 2050 with the aim of reducing emissions by 55% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels.

This ambitious plan not only Affects the consumption of F-Gases, but also the sale of Products containing these Gases as Refrigerants, starting as early as 2026 for some Products.

Although the decision on the ban on F-Gases has not yet been fully taken, the Approval of the EU Member States is considered a mere formality. The EU's F-Gas Regulation provides for a Phase-Out of CO2-Equivalent quantities of HFCs placed on the EU Market by 2030. This ban will undoubtedly change the way Heat Pumps are developed and sold, challenging the industry to find more Sustainable and Environmentally friendly solutions.

Manufacturers will now have to find Innovative Ways to adapt or redesign their Products, which in turn will have an impact on availability and costs for Consumers. But what role do F-Gases play in Heat Pump Technology and what do consumers need to be prepared for?

The Role of F-Gases in Heat Pump Technology

F-Gases have a crucial function in Heat Pumps: They help to extract Heat from the Environment and supply it to the Household. Despite their efficiency in Heat Transfer, F-Gases are a burden on the environment due to their high global warming potential (GWP), as they have a significantly greater greenhouse effect than CO2. F-Gases therefore support the function of Heat Pumps on the one hand, but also have a negative impact on the environment on the other. This contradictory Role of F-Gases has led to the development of the F-Gas Regulation, which aims to protect our atmosphere while emphasising the need for High Energy efficiency in the Heating Sector.

The use of F-Gases in Heat Pumps is a prime example of how Technical Progress and Environmental Protection must be reconciled. Whilst the benefits of F-Gases in Terms of Refrigerant Cycle and energy efficiency are undeniable, their use can no longer be justified when alternative Refrigerants with Lower Environmental Risk are available. It is therefore crucial that both Consumers and Manufacturers develop an awareness of the environmental impact of these Refrigerants and prepare for the changes ahead.

Timetable and Transition Periods for the F-Gas Ban

The gradual Ban on F-Gases is a Long-Term process that began in 2024 and will continue until 2050. From 2032, new monobloc Heat Pumps in the EU will no longer be allowed to contain F-Gases. But don't worry, existing Heat Pumps with F-Gases can still be operated by Consumers, as the New Regulations are primarily aimed at Manufacturers and Dealers. These transitional periods are intended to give Manufacturers time to adapt their Products and integrate alternative Refrigerants. There is also an exemption: if the Ban has a negative impact on the conversion of Heating Systems, the regulation can be adapted to wait for the development of new Technologies.

These transition phases are crucial to ensure a smooth transition and not jeopardise security of supply. They allow the industry to gradually switch to Environmentally friendly alternatives without major disruptions or complications. For Consumers, this means that although they do not have to switch immediately, they should think about it in the long term.

But what impact will this change have on Refrigeration and Refrigeration Systems in the Air Conditioning sector, and what alternatives are there?

Changing Refrigerants: What does this mean for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Systems?

The Ban on F-gases represents a profound change in the World of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology. F-Gases, which have been widely used as Refrigerants in Heat Pumps and Air Conditioning Systems, pose a significant environmental risk. The search for more Environmentally friendly alternatives has already begun and there are a number of candidates, such as:

• CO₂

• Ammoniak

• Isobutan

• Propan

• Wasser

Propane (R290) is characterised as a particularly Climate-Friendly option and is used in some Heat Pumps, while other Manufacturers rely on the Greenhouse-intensive Refrigerant R32. The amended F-Gas Regulation supports the development and use of Refrigerants with a lower GWP and Regulates their use in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning systems. However, alternatives such as R290 require careful risk assessment due to risks such as flammability and toxicity.

This development means a significant adjustment for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Systems, both in technical and legal terms. Manufacturers must revise their products in line with the new specifications and operators of Refrigeration Systems must familiarise themselves with the New Refrigerants and the associated safety requirements. Consumers can assume that the New Refrigerants are not only more environmentally friendly, but also more efficient, which can lead to cost savings in the long term.

But what Role does Propane in particular play as an alternative to F-Gases and what challenges and opportunities does this present?

Propane (R290) as a sustainable Alternative to F-Gases

Propane, known as R290, is a promising candidate when it comes to reducing the Environmental impact of Refrigerants. It is characterised by its environmentally Friendly Properties, as it contains no ozone-depleting substances and has a low Global Warming Potential (GWP of 3), which significantly reduces the greenhouse effect. In tests, the switch from conventional Refrigerants such as R22 to R290 has resulted in an improvement in operating behaviour and energy savings of between 10 and 15 percent.

In addition, Propane can also serve as a direct replacement for other widely used Refrigerants such as R502, R134a and R404a, which have similar thermodynamic properties and often require only minimal technical adjustments. Propane is considered a sustainable Refrigerant in terms of Environmental Compatibility, Energy Efficiency, Safety and Cost-Effectiveness.

However, the use of Propane in Heat Pumps is not without its challenges, ranging from Technical adjustments to safety aspects. The properties of propane make it necessary to take special measures when planning and operating Heat Pump Systems in order to ensure safety. But what special technical challenges does the use of Propane entail, and what about the economic aspects?

Technical Challenges when using Propane in Heat Pumps

The biggest challenge when using Propane in Heat Pumps is its high flammability. Due to the very low ‘Lower Flammability Limit’, Propane Heat Pumps must mainly be restricted to Air/Water Heat Pumps for outdoor installation. The high solubility of Propane in compressor oil can result in an explosive mixture, which poses an additional hazard.

In addition, system planning and safety measures must be carried out in accordance with strict specifications in accordance with DIN EN 378 and VDMA 24020 (German Engineering Federation) in order to guarantee system and operational safety. This includes

• the Limitation of Filling Quantities

• Special Requirements for the Installation Rooms

• the Separate Design of the Electrical Components

• the Installation of Leakage Sensors

• safe venting in the event of a System shutdown.

These Technical Challenges require a High Level of expertise and precision in the planning, Installation and Maintenance of Heat Pumps with Propane as a Refrigerant. Manufacturers and Installers must familiarise themselves with the new safety Requirements and undergo Appropriate training. For Consumers, this means that they must rely on Suppliers who not only have the technical expertise, but also fulfil the required safety standards.

In addition to the Technical challenges, there are also economic aspects to consider when switching to a Propane Heat Pump.

Economic Aspects of switching to Propane Heat Pumps

The economic impact of switching to Propane Heat Pumps is an important consideration for Consumers and Manufacturers. Although the initial investment costs for Propane Systems tend to be higher than for conventional F-Gas Heat Pumps due to the higher safety standards, Heat Pumps that draw heating energy from groundwater or geothermal energy offer long-term benefits through lower operating costs. This can be a worthwhile investment, particularly for new builds or major renovations, as the higher initial costs can be offset by the savings in ongoing energy costs.

For Consumers, this means that they should consider both the Short-Term and Long-Term costs when comparing different Heat Pump Systems. In addition to the purchase and installation costs, the expected operating costs and the potential savings from greater energy efficiency must also be taken into account. As Propane Heat Pumps can operate more efficiently, there is the possibility that the initial additional costs will be amortised over the lifetime of the system.

But what about converting existing Refrigeration Systems to these New Refrigerants?

Adaptation of existing Refrigeration Systems to New Refrigerants

Converting existing Refrigeration Systems to New Refrigerants requires extensive planning and can incur additional costs. New low GWP Refrigerants, such as Propane, are often highly flammable, emphasising the importance of careful risk assessment and handling. The ban is only expected to apply to new equipment, while existing systems are unlikely to be affected due to their expected lifespan of 20 to 30 years. For System operators, this means that although they are not immediately forced to act, they would be well advised to find out about future changes and retrofitting options.

It can be assumed that the need for service Technicians who are able to convert systems to the New Refrigerants will increase. In addition, safety protocols will need to be updated and refrigeration systems may need to be equipped with additional safety features to fulfil the new requirements. However, these investments can be seen as a way of future-proofing systems and reducing environmental impact.

In addition, owners of existing systems should follow developments in order to benefit from possible subsidy programmes for upgrading their systems.

New Regulations and Standards for Refrigerants

The introduction of New Regulations and Standards for Refrigerants is part of efforts to promote more environmentally friendly alternatives and reduce the use of F-Gases. The amended F-Gas Regulation aims to phase out fluorinated Refrigerants completely by 2050 and stipulates that the sales volume of HFCs must be reduced to a fifth of the current volume by 2030. New limits are set for the use of Refrigerants in new systems and in servicing and maintenance, including the banning of certain F-Gases such as R404A and R134a in certain Applications at certain times. These regulations affect a wide range of stakeholders, such as manufacturers and importers of refrigerants, and set out specific requirements, such as leak checks and record-keeping obligations, which incentivise industry to adapt and innovate.

Natural Refrigerants, such as Propane, consist of naturally occurring substances and are characterised by their low environmental impact. The properties of Refrigerants change depending on local conditions, which means that they must be compressed in order to fulfil their function in the Refrigerant circuit. When handled properly, the refrigerant poses no risk.

Due to the imminent reduction in authorised F-Gases from 2025 and the associated shortage and price increase, the use of more Environmentally friendly alternatives such as Propane is becoming increasingly important. Manufacturers and industry must face up to these new realities and react accordingly. But how is the Market developing and what strategies are Manufacturers and the industry pursuing to adapt to the coming changes?

Market Development: How are Manufacturers and the industry reacting?

The impending changes due to the F-Gas ban have already led to a Dynamic Market. Manufacturers are leading the way in developing products without F-Gases and are strategically positioning themselves to benefit from the new regulations. While heat pump manufacturers are expressing concern about the ban on F-Gases, which comes into force from 2027, a new directive from Germany's National Climate Initiative aims to reduce emissions and support companies in switching to alternative, non-halogenated Refrigerants. As a result, higher subsidies for owners of Heat Pumps that work with natural Refrigerants could be on the cards.

These developments show that Manufacturers and the industry are actively responding to the ban by being innovative and committed to Climate-Friendly solutions. By developing Heat Pumps that do not use F-Gases, they are helping to reduce greenhouse Gas Emissions. At the same time, new business opportunities are opening up as the market for environmentally friendly Heating Systems is expected to continue to grow. But what specific innovations and advances are there in Heat Pump Technology, and how is the industry's commitment contributing to a more sustainable future?

Innovations and Advances in Heat Pump Technology

Heat pump technology is constantly changing and manufacturers are endeavouring to develop even more efficient and environmentally Friendly Systems. Companies are working to develop New Technologies that can make Propane Heat Pumps even more reliable, safe and cost-effective. The integration of advanced Refrigeration Technology and Digital Control Systems makes it possible to further increase energy efficiency and adapt operation to the individual needs of users. Such innovations help to strengthen the market leadership of German manufacturers and accelerate the transition to more sustainable Heating Technology.

Industry commitment to Climate-Friendly Solutions

The industry is showing a strong commitment to Climate-Friendly solutions and is working closely with various stakeholders to support and accelerate the transition. Industrial companies are cooperating with equipment Manufacturers and Educational institutions to promote the development and implementation of environmentally friendly technologies. One example of this is the decarbo-heatpumps.com website, which provides a platform for innovative and climate-friendly Heat Pump Technologies and thus raises awareness of sustainable products. Air-to-Water Heat Pumps, which operate emission-free and are a more efficient technology compared to Gas condensing boilers or wood pellet Heating Systems, are proof of the industry's commitment to a clean future.

The industry's commitment is a key factor in achieving climate targets and promoting the Heating transition. Companies that proactively participate in the Development and promotion of Climate-Friendly solutions can not only play their part in protecting the environment, but also benefit from changing Market conditions. This collaboration is a positive sign that the industry is willing to take responsibility and play a leading role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

But how can Consumers find their way in this changing Market and make the right decisions?

Practical tips for Consumers: Selection and operation of Heat Pumps

For consumers who want to select or operate a Heat Pump, it is important to check the suitability of the technology for their individual situation and to pay attention to the following points:

• Energy Efficiency

• Environmental Footprint

• The output and efficiency of the Heat Pump must meet the spatial requirements

• The Refrigerants banned in the EU

• Regular maintenance of the system to ensure high efficiency and longevity

It is also important to follow the instructions for commissioning and optimising the operation of the Heat Pump.

Expertise may be required to service the New Refrigerants in Heat Pumps and it is advisable to contact qualified service technicians who have undergone further training in this area. Consumers should also consider the total cost of a Heat Pump, which includes purchase, installation and ongoing running costs. Government grants and low running costs can help to make the investment more profitable.

What specific questions should consumers ask about energy efficiency and ecological footprint, and how can they find support and financing options to make the switch?

Questions about energy efficiency and the Ecological footprint

When comparing Heat Pumps, consumers must take various factors into account, in particular

• Energy Efficiency and the associated electricity consumption, which are crucial for assessing long-term costs and environmental impact

• the insulation of the building

• the type of Heating System, such as underfloor Heating or Radiators

These factors play a role in determining the efficiency of Heat Pumps. Test results and comparisons of Heat Pumps can help consumers to make a targeted selection by taking into account various criteria such as efficiency, the Refrigerant used and the noise level of the outdoor units.

By choosing a Model with High Energy Efficiency and a Climate-Friendly Refrigerant, you can not only reduce your energy costs, but also make a contribution to protecting the environment. But what subsidies and grants are available for consumers who are considering switching to more environmentally Friendly Heating Technology?

Support and Financing options for the Changeover

Homeowners who opt for Decarbonize Heat Pumps can benefit from various subsidies and bonuses. The basic subsidy covers 30% of the investment costs in 2024. When Decarbonize Heat Pumps with the natural Refrigerant R290 are used, there is an additional efficiency bonus of 5%, so that the total subsidy amounts to at least 35%.
In addition, the Climate Speed Bonus offers up to 20% additional funding when replacing older Heating Systems with a Decarbonize Heat Pump, depending on the specific conditions and age of the system being replaced.
Low-income households (up to a gross annual income of €40,000) can receive an income-related bonus of up to 30%. The combination of these rates and bonuses can lead to a maximum subsidy of up to 70% of the investment costs.

These subsidy programmes make it clear that the state actively supports the switch to more environmentally friendly Heating Systems and that investing in a heat pump can make sense not only from an ecological but also from an economic point of view.

Summary

The EU Ban on F-Gases in Heat Pumps is a decisive step towards a more environmentally friendly future. It challenges the industry to find innovative solutions and at the same time encourages the development of alternative Refrigerants that reduce the environmental footprint. Propane (R290) has proven to be a promising alternative that is both environmentally friendly and energy efficient. The industry is already showing a strong commitment to Climate-Friendly solutions and the Market trend is positive. Consumers should inform themselves about the various Heat Pump models and their energy efficiency in order to make an informed decision. Subsidy programmes facilitate the changeover and make investing in more environmentally Friendly Heating Technology attractive. Ultimately, it is the joint efforts of politicians, industry and consumers that will shape a sustainable energy future.